The Computer Book |where you can learn more|: C

C - programming

C-programming language

C is a programming language developed by denis ritchie in 1972. It was official language of Bells labs. All the programming language broadly categorized into two; high level language and low level language. C stands in between HLL and LLL. It is capable of developing strong programs, viruses and almost all parts of operating system like recoded UNIX in 1973 and linex in 1991.

Features of C

1. General purpose language.

2. It is high level assembly language.

3. It is modular and structural concept as debugging, testing and maintenance are easy.

4. It is machine independent also.

5. It is a free form language.

6. Introduction of incremental/decrement operator.

7. It has low level(bit wise) programming available

Advantages and disadvantages of C

Advantages

· It is machine independent programming language.

· It is easy to used and implement.

· It is the mother of all the modern programming language.

Disadvantages

· There is no runtime checking.

· On larges programs. It is hard to fix errors

· It does not support modern programming methodologies oriented programming language.

Header file

A file that is defined to be included at the begging of a program in c language that contains the definitions of data types, variables and functions in the program is called header file. The entire header file has the extension {.h} some of the frequent use header files are stdio.h, conio.h, math.h, string.h ctype.h etc.

Identifiers

Identifiers are the name given to various program elements such as constants. Variables, function names and arrays etc. every element in the program has its own distinct name.

Keyword

The basic building block of program statement is called keywords. All the keywords are basically the sequence of characters that have one or fixed meaning these keywords not used as variable name

Auto

Break

Case

Char

Const

Continue

Default

Do double

Ele

Enum

Extem

Float

For

Goto

Int

Long

Return

Short

Signed

Sizeof

Static

Struct

Switch

Typedof

Union

Unsigned

Void

Volatile

While

Variable and constant

The variable or literal is like as container contain value. The value of contents can be changed during program execution but constant is a data which remains constant during program life cycle

Types of variable.

1. Static variable: Any variable which is declared by using keyword static is called static variable. The value of static variable is remain fixed for the other function but may change within same function boundary.

2. Global variable: Any variable which is declared before main function is called global variable this variable can be accessed from any member functions.

3. Local variable: any variable which is declared within the function is called local variable. This type of variable can be accessed within the same member function only.

Datatype in c

A set of data that specifies the possible ranges of values in a program and stored in memory are called data types. Data types are used to define variables before use it. There are two types of data type

1. Primary date types: the basic fundamental of data having unit feature on c programming is called primary data types. The example of primary data types are

1. Void type : void >> 0 byte

2. Character Type : Chare >> 1 byte

3. Number type : Int >> 2 byte, Float, Long >> 4 byte, Double >> 8 byte

The Operators

Operators are special type of symbols or characters used to manipulate all type of dta used in computer system. For example 5 +10 where + sign is an operator.

Types of Operators.

1. Arithmetic operator:

Arithmetic or mathematic operator are used for mathematical manipulation. For mathematical manipulation, numerical data are used. Some mathematical operators are

a.+ -> Addition or Unary plus

b. - -> Subtraction

c. * -> multiplication

d. / -> Division

e.% -> Modulo Division.

2. Relational Operator :

The relational operators are used to compare two or more quantity.

Operators Meaning

== Is equal to

!= is not equal to

< Less than

<= Less than and equal to

> Greater than

>= Greater than and equal to

3. Logical operator:

it is used to combine two or more relational operators. It makes decision building block with relational operator.

Operator Symbol Example

AND && exp1 && exp2

OR || exp1 || exp2

NOT ! !expl

4. Ternary operator:

The ternary operator is C’s only ternary operator, meaning that it takes three operands. Its syntax is

exp1 ? exp2: exp3;

If exp 1 evaluates to true (that is, nonzero), the entire expression evaluates to the value of exp2. If exp1evaluates to false (that is, zero), the entire expression evaluates as the value of exp3. For example, the following statement assigns the value 1 to x if y is true and assigns 100 to x if y is false:

x= y ? 1: 100;

Likewise, to make z equal to the larger of x and y, you could write z= (x>y) ? x : y;

Perhaps you’ve noticed that the conditional operator functions somewhat like an if statement. The preceding statement could also be written like this:

if(x>y)

z = x;

else

z = y;

The ternary operator can’t be used in all situations in place of an if...else construction, but the conditional operator is more concise. The ternary operator can also be used in places you can’t use an if statement, such as inside a single printf() statement:

printf("The larger value is %d",((x >y)?x:y));

5. Comma operator:

It permits two different expression to appear in situation where only one expression would ordinarily be used.

Example: {

int a, b, c;

c=(a= 10,b=20,a+b);

print f("c = %d", c);

}

Statement

Any line written in a ‘c’ editor that normally terminates by a semicolon ‘;‘ is called statement. Examples:

int a, b, c, d= 55;

float rate;

char n; etc.

The different types of statements are:

a) Null statement:

If you place a semicolon by itself on a line, you create a null statement--a statement that doesn’t perform any action. This is perfectly legal in C. Example:

;- Null statement

b) Expression statement:

An expression statement is a constant, variable or combination of constant and variable. This can also include a function call. An expression statement consists of any valid C expression and followed by a semicolon.

Examples:

a=b; -Expression statement

c=a+b; - Expression statement

greater (a,b,c); -Function call

c) Compound statement:

A compound statement, also called a block, is a group of two or more C statements within a pair of braces ({ and}). Unlike an expression statement, a compound statement does not end with a semicolon.

Example:

{

printf("Hello, ");

printf("sathi!");

}

In C, a block can be used anywhere a single statement can be used. Many examples of this appear throughout this book. Note that the enclosing braces can be positioned in different ways.

d) Control statement:

Control statements are used to create special program features, such as logical tests, loops and branches. Examples:

i) if(a>b)

printf("A is greater");

else

printf("B is greater");

ii) while

Comments And Escape Sequences

Ans: Comments are the statements that are used for user aid. Such statements are ignored by the compiler. A comment is denoted by

/ *……………. */ For multi statements

Anything written between this is ignored by the compiler

// For single statement

Escape sequence: These are the characters not printed when used but provide various functions. Escape sequences are always started with a backslash' \'. Commonly used escape sequences are:

Character Escape sequence

bell (alert) \a

backspace \b

horizontal tab \t

new line \n

carriage return \r

quotation mark \"

backslash \\

null \0 etc.

Symbolic constants:

A symbolic constant allows a name to appear in place of numeric constant, character constant or a string. symbolic constants are usually defined at the beginning of the program. Symbolic constants may appear later in the program in place of numeric constants, character constant and so on. At the time of compiling each occurrence of a symbolic constant get replaced by its corresponding character sequence. Examples:

#defineAND &&

# define Pi 3.1412

# define True 1

# define friend "Susan" etc.

Library functions:

Many functions of C is carried out by library functions. These functions perform file access, mathematical computation graphics, memory management data conversion etc. A typical set of library functions will include a large number of functions that are common to most C compilers. Examples : sqrt ( ), to lower ( ), to upper, abs ( ) etc.

c) Header files: By placing thern required library function declaration in special source file is called header file.

•Header files contain definitions of funètions and variables which can be incorporated into any C program by using the pre-processor #include statement.Standard header files are provided with each compiler, and cover a range of areas:string handling, mathematics, data conversion, printing and reading of variables, etc.

•To use any of the standard functions, the appropriate header file should be included.This is done at the beginning of the C source file. For example, to use the function printf() in a program, the line #include <stdio.h> should be at the beginning of the source file, because the declaration for printf() is found in the file stdio.h. All header files have the extension ii

#include <string.h>

#include <math.h>

#incilude "mylib.h"

The use of angle brackets < > informs the compiler to search the compiler’s include directories for the specified file. The use of the double quotes" " around the filename informs the compiler to start tbe search in the current directory for the specified file.

Some commonly used header files are:

stdio.h, conio.h, process.h, math.h, ctype.h, string.h, stdlib.h etc.

Data Types

Data types are used to declare the variable name in C language. C supports different types of data, each of which may be represnted differently within the computer’s memory. There are the various data types and these are:

Data type Data sub_ type Bytes Format Range

Signed .

character character 1 %c - 128 to 127

Unsigned character 1 %c 0 to 255

Numeric Short signed 2 %d -32768 to

32767

int

Short Unsigned 2 %d Oto 65535

int

Long signed int 4 %Id —2147483648

to 2147483647

Long

unsigned int 4 %id 0 to

4294967295

Float 4 % f 3.4E—38 to

3.4E+38

Double 8 % if 1.7E—308 to

1.7E+308

Long double 10 %lf 3.4E-4932 to

3.4E + 4932

Branching

Branching is based on decision making. If the decision is satisfied, then it can perform the task, otherwise it executes the line next to

it.

The various branching statements are:

(a) if ……………….else

(b) if ……….else if ………………..else

Syntax of if,if..else and if..else if..else statement are:

->The if Statement

if(expression)

statement];

If expression is true, statement1 is executed. If expression is not true,

statement1 is ignored.

->The if..else Statement

if(expression)

statement1;

else

statement2;

If expression is true, statement I is executed; otherwise, statement2 is executed.

->The if..else if..else Statement

if(expressionl)

statement1;

else if(expression2)

statement2;

else

statement3;

If the first expression, expression!, is true, statement] is executed before the program continues with the next_statement, If the first expression is not true, the second expression, expression2, is checked. If the first expression is not true, and the second is true, statement2 is executed. If both expressions are false, statement3 is executed. Only one of the three statements is executed at a time.

Looping

Looping is a process which allows the data to be repeated unless or until some condition has been satisfied. The various looping statements are:

(a) for

(b) while

Syntax of while,for and do while statement are:

a) for

syntax>for (exp1; exp2; exp3)

{

statement1;

………………….

}

where,

exp1 = Initial expression

exp2=Conditional expression

exp3=Increment or decrement

When a for statement is encountered during progrars execution, the following events occur:

1. The expression, exp1 is evaluated. exp1 is usually ai assignment statement that sets a variable to a particular valuer

2. The expression, exp2, i.e. condition is evaluated, condition i typically a relational expression.

3. If exp2, i.e.condition evaluates to false (that is, as zero), th for statement terminates, and execution passes to the fir statement following statement.

4. If exp2, i.e. condition evaluates to true (that is, as nonzero the C statement(s) in statement are executed.

5. The exp3, i.e. increment or decrement is evaluated an execu.tion returns to step 2.

B) While

syntax>while (condition)

{

statement 1;

…………….

}

When program execution reaches a while statement, the following events occur:

1. The expression condition is evaluated.

2. If condition evaluates to false (that is, zero), the while statement terminates, and execution passes to the first statement following statement.

3. If condition evaluates to true (that is, nonzero), the C statement(s) in statement are executed.

4. Execution returns to step 1.

C) Do While

syntax: do

{

statement 1;

statement 2;

……………….

} while (condition);

When program execution reaches a do...while statement, the

following events occur:

1. The statements in statement are executed.

2. condition is evaluated. If it’s true, execution returns to step 1. If it’s false, the loop terminates

Infinite Loop

A loop that has no stopping or never ending condition is called an infinite loop. Example:

for(; ;) while(1)

{ } { }

Break: The "break" statement is used to terminate the control from the loop.It is normally used in switch-case statement,the break statement must be used if not the control will be transferred to the subsequent case condition also. Example:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main( )

{

int a =1;

while (a < 20)

{

Result:

a = a + 1;

if (a%3= =O)

break;

printf ("%d",a);

}

getch();

}

Continue: The "continue" statement skips the rest of execution of the loop. Example:

#include<stdio.h>

Result:

2 4 5 7 8 10

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int a =1;

while (a < 10)

{

a=a+ 1;

if (a%3==0)

continue;

printf (‘%d",a);

}

getch();

{

Differentiate between ‘for and ‘while’ statements.

For	While
a) The for statement executes the initial expression first. It then checks the condition, If the condition is true, the statements execute. Once the statements are completed, the increment expression or decrement is evaluated. The for statement then rechecks the condition and continues to loop until the condition is false.	It allows repeated execution of a statement or block of statements as long as the condition remains true (nonzero). If the condition is not true when the while command is first executed, the statement(s) is never executed.
b) syntax> for (exp1; exp2; exp3) { statement1; …………….. } where, exp1 = Initial expression exp2=Conditional expression exp3=Increment or decrement	syntax>while (condition) { statement1; ………………. }
Example:Displaying 1 to 10 numbers # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> void main ( ) { int a; for (a = 1; a <= 10; +÷a) printf("%d\t", a); getch( ) }	Example: Displaying 1 to 10 numbers include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> void main () { int a; a= 1; while (a <= 10) { printf("%d\t", a); a=a+1; } getch(); }

Differentiate between ‘while’ and ‘do while’ statements. [HSEB-2061,2062]

Ans: Differentiation between while and do while statements:

While	Do while
a) It allows repeated execution of a statement or block of statements as long as the condition remains true(nonzero). If the condition is not true when the while command is first executed, the statement(s) is never executed.	The do while statement executes a body of instruction at least one time and more if an expression remains true.
a) syntax: while (condition) { statement 1; statement 2; ……………… }	syntax: do { statement 1; statement 2; ……………… } while (condition)
Example: A program for printing 1 to 10 nos. # include<stdio.h> # include<conio.h> void main () { int a; a= 1; while (a <= 10) { printf("%d\t", a); a = a + 1; } getch( ) ; }	Example: A program for printing 1 to 10 nos. # include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main () { int a= 1; do { printf("%d\t", a); a=a+1; } while (a <=10); getch( ) ; }

Differentiate between local and global variables.

Differentiation between local and_global_variables:

Local variable	Global variable
a) It is the way to declare the variable. A variable is declared within a block is called a local variable to that block. b) Example: void main () { inta= 10;// local to //main	A variable declared outside a block that is available to other black of the program is called a global variable. Example: int a = 10; // global variables voidmain() { int a=6;

switch case statement

Syntax:

switch (variable_name)

{

case value 1

………………….

break;

case value2:

…………………….

break;

case value3:

………………..

break;

default:

……………………

}

example : int a;

printf("Enter number of day:"):

scanf("%d",&a);

switch (a)

{

case 1:

printf ("Sunday");

break;

case 2:

printf ("Monday");

break;

case 3:

printf("Tuesday");

break;

case 4:

printf("Wednesday");

break;

case 5:

printf’Thursday");

break;

case 6:

priritf("Friday");

break;

case 7:

printf("Saturday"):

break

default:

printf ("nor the value");

exit(O);

}

and an example of "goto" statement.

The goto statement is used to alter the normal sequence of t program execution by transferring control to some other parts the program.

syntax> goto / identifier;

Example: A program for finding odd or even numbers by usii GOTO statement.

# include <stdio.h>

# include <conio.h>

void main ( )

{

int n;

char ch;

x : clrscr ( );

printf("Enter any number =");

scanf("%d", & n);

if (n% 2 = =0)

printf ("Even number");

else

printf ("Odd number");

printf("Do you want to continue (Y/N) = ");

scanf("%c", ch);

if(ch = = ‘Y’ // ch = 'y')

goto x;

getch();

}

Getchar And Putchar Function With Limitation

Getchar: It returns only one character at a time from a standard input device. The getchar accept all type of characters even space, tab, blank, return. This function has the limitation, i.e. this isn’t used for numeric operations and also not used for looping.

Example:

# include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main ()

{

char C;

c = getchar ();

printf("\n input character = %c", c);

getch();

}

Putchar: It transmits a single character to a standard output device. This function accepts all types of characters even space, tab, blank. This function has also the limitation, that isn’t used for numeric operation and not displaying for loops.

Example:

# include <stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main ( )

{

char ch;

printf("Enter any letter:- ");

ch = getchar ();

printf ("output");

putchar (ch);

getch();

}

Format Specifier

Format specifiers are characters starting with % sign and followed

with a character. It identifies the data type that is being processed.

It is also known as "conversion specifier".

Some of character specifications used with format specifiers are:

Character Meaning

% First character

— (minus sign) Used for left justification.

w Used for specifying width of field.

• (dot) Used for specifying decimal part.

p Used for specifying precision.

List of format specifiers symbol.

Data type Format specifier symbol used

Integer %d

Unsigned integer % u

Octal % o

Hexadecimal % x

Float % f

Float (scientific or exponential) %e

character %c

string %s

Example:

main ()

{

int r;

float a;

r 2;

a = 12.562, 01547;

printf ("%d", r); // prints 2 at initial position of screen

printf ("%l0d’, r); // prints 2 leaving 10 spaces. Righ justified.

printf ("%-d", r); // prints 2 left justified

printf("%f",a); // prints 12.56201547

printf("%10.2f",a); //prints 12.56 leaving 10 spaces

printf("%e"a); // prints l.256201c + 01

printf ("%15.2e",a) //prints 1.25e + 01 leaving 15 space

Right justified.

}

Nested Loop

A loop inside the loop is called nested loop.

Write a program to calculate area and circumference of a circle

1. Where radius of a circle is in puted and define pi as constant.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#define pi 3.14

void main()

{

Text Box: Result:
Enter value of radius =2
Area= 12.56
Circumferences= 12.56

int r;

float a,c;

printf("Enter value of radius=");

scanf("%d" ,&r);

a=pi*r*r;

c=2*pi*r;

printf("Area=%.2f\n" ,a);

printf("\nCircumsatances=%.2f",c);

getch();

}

2. Write a program that read principle, time and rate to calculate simple interest and total amount.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int p,t;

float r,si,ta;

printf("Enter Principle=");

scanf("%d" ,&p);

printf("Enter time=");

scanf("%d" ,&t);

printf("Enter rate=");

scanf("%f’,&r);

si=(p*t*r)/100

ta=si+p;

printf("Simple Interest=%.3fn" ,si);

printf("\nTotal Amount=%.3f" ,ta);

getch();

}

3. Write a program to convert temperature in Fahrenheit (F) into centigrade (c). [F = 1.8 c + 321

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main ()

{

Int f;

float C;

printf ("\n enter temp in fahrenheit =");

scanf (‘%d’, & f);

c=(f-32)/1.8;

printf ("Result = %.2f", c);

getch ();

}

4. Write a program to supply length and breadth of a rectangle. Find out area and perimeter.

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

void main ( )

{

int l, b, a, p;

printf ("Enter breadth & length =");

scanf ("%d%d", &b, &l);

a = l*b;

p=2*(l+b);

printf ("Area of a rectangle = %d\n", a);

printf ("Perimeter of a rectangle = %d\n", p);

getch ( );

}

5. Write a program that accepts an integer and checks whether it is divisible by 3 and 5 or not.

#include<stdio.h>

#inciucie<conio.h>

void main()

{

int a;

printf("Enter an integer=");

scanf("%d",&a);

if(a%3= = 0 && a%5= =0)

printf ("Divisible by 3 and 5.");

else

printf("Not divisible by 3 and 5");

getch();

}

6. Write a C program to read any number and check whether th entered number is divisible by 5 but not by

11. [HSEB 2065]

7. Write a program to enter any year and check whether the entered year is leap or not.

#include<stdjoh>

#include<conjo.h>

void main ()

{

int year;

printf ("Enter year = ‘);

scanf("%d", & year);

if(year% 400 = = 0 || year % 100! = 0 && year% 4 = = 0)

printf ("Leap year");

else

printf ("Not a leap year =");

getch();

}

8. Write a program that asks cost of price(CP) and selling price(SP) and determine whether there is gain or loss. [HSEB-2066}

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int CP,SP,loss,gamn;

printf("Enter value of CP and SP:"):

scanf("%d%d", &CP,&Sp);

if(SP>CP)

{

gain=SP-CP;

printf("GamnRs%d",gain);

}

else

{

loss=CP-SP;

printf("Loss Rs%d" loss);

}

getch();

}

9. Write a program of NTC to enter number of calls and find out total, vat (10% of total), telecom service charge (10% of total + tsc) and total amount. The rate of total is given below:

Number of calls

number of call <=175

otherwise, number of call is more than 175

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int noc;

float total, vat, tsc, tarnt;

printf ("Enter total number of calls =");

scanf ("%d", &noc);

if(noc <=175)

{

total = 200;

tsc = total * 101100;

vat = (total + tsc)* 10/100;

tamt total + vat + tsc;

printf ("Total amount = %f", tamt);

}

else

{

total = 200 + (nec — 175)*2;

tsc = total * 10/100;

vat = (total + tsc) * 10/100;

taint = total + vat + tsc;

printf ("Total amount = %f’, tamt);

}

getch( );

}

10. Write a program to enter any three numbers and find out the middle number.

11. Write a menu driven program which has the following option

1 .Perimeter of circle

2.Perimeter of rectangle

3.Perimeter of triangle

#include <conio.h>

#include <stdio.h>

void main()

{

int choice;

printf("Enter choice 1 for perimeter of circle\n");

printf("Enter choice 2 for perimeter of rectangle\n");

printf("Enter choice 3 for perimeter of triangle\n");

printf("Enter your choice:\n");

scanf("%d",&choice);

switch(choice)

{

case 1:

{

float rad, per;

printf("\nEnter the radius of circle");

scanf("%f’ ,&rad);

per=(2*22*rad)17;

printf("\nThe perimeter of circle is: %f",per);

break;

}

case 2:

{

int b,l,per;

printf("\nEnter the breadth of rectangle:\t");

scanf("%d" ,&b);

printf ("\nEnter the length of rectangle:\t");

scanf("%d" ,& l);

per = 2 *(l+b)

printf ("\nEnter the perimeter of rectangle is:\d" , per);

break;

}

case 3:

{

int a,b,c,per;

print("\nEnter the sides of the triangle\n");

printf("\nEnter the first side:\t");

scan("%d",&a);

prinf("\nEnter the second side:\t");

scasf(" %d", &b);

printf("\nEnter the third side:\t");

per=a+b+c;

prinrf("\nThe perimeter of triangle is: %d",per);

break;

}

default

{

print("wrong choice") ;

}

getch();

return 0;

}

12. Write a program to find sum of 1 to 100 numbers.

#include <stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

Int d n, sum = 0;

for (n = 1; n < = 100; ++n)

{
sum = sum + n;

printf ("sum =%d", sum);

}

getch ( );

}

12. Write a ‘C’ program to print all from A to Z

13. Write a program to compute factorial for a given number i where n is a non-negative integer,[n!=1*2*34 (n1)*n].

14. Write a program to print the series 1,5,9,13 upto 10th terms.

15. Write a C program to read any number and entered number is palindrome or not.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main(

{

int n,num,rev=0,r;

printf("Enter any number");

scanf("%d",&num);

n=num;

while(num!=0)

{

r=num% 10;

rev=rev *10+r;

num=num/10;

}

if(n==num)

printf("The entered number is palindrome");

else

printf("The entered number is not palindrome");

getch();

}

16. Write a program to display Fibonacci series upto 10 terms. ie.g.0112358

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int a, b, c, j;

printf ("\n the series’);

a = 0;

b = 1;

printf ("%d \t%d\t", a, b);

for(j = 0;j <10;j+ +)

{

C = a + b;

printf ("%d\t", c);

a = b; b = C;

}

getch ();

}

17. Write a program to input an integer number and checks whether it is prime or not. [HSEB-2066]

18. Write a program to print multiplication table of first 10 natural number.

(Nested Loop)

19. Write a program to print multiplication table of first 10 natural number.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int i,j,c;

for(i= 1 ;i<= 1 0;++i)

{

for(i= 1 ;j<=10;++j)

{

C=i*j;

printf(%d*%d=%d\t",i,j,c);

}

printf("\n");

}

getch();

}

20. Write a program to display factorial number of first 10 natural number.

#include<stdio.n>

#lnclude<conlo.n>

void main()

{

int i,j,f

for(i=1;i<=10;÷+i)

{

f=i*j;

for(j=i;j>O;--j)

{

f=f*j

printf( %d=%d\n ,i,f);

}

getch();

}

21. Write a program to display prime number upto 500 numbers.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int i,j;

for(i=2;i<=500;++i)

{

for(j=2;j<=i;++j)

{

if(i%j==0)

break;

}

if(i==j)

printf( "%d\t",i);

getch();

}

22. Write a program to generate the following:

2 2

3 3 3

4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5 5

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int i,j;

for(i=1;j<=5;++i)

{

for(j=1;j<=i;++j)

{

printf("%d",i);

}

printf("\n");

}

getch();

}

23. Write a program to display the following series:

2 2

3 3 3

4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5 5

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

voidmain()

{

int n,a,j;

for(a=1;a<=5;a++)

{

for (j= 0; j < = 5-a ; j+ +)

{

printf (" ")

for(j=1;j<=a;j++)

{

printf ("%d ", a);

printf ( "\n" );

}

getch ();

}

24. Write a program to generate the following:

123

1234

12345

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int i,j;

for(i=1 ;i<=5;++i)

{

for(j= 1 ;j<=i;++j)

{

printf("%d" ,j);

}

printf("\n");

}

getch();

}

25. Write a C Program to display the following:

55555

4444

333

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int i,j;

for(i=5;i>=0;--i)

{

for(j= 1 ;j<=i;++j)

{

printf( "%d" ,i);

}

printf"(\n");

}

getch();

}

26. Write a program to display the following table:

10 20 30 40

20 30 40 50

30 40 50 60

4050 60 70

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int i,j;

for(i=0;i<=4;++i)

{

for(j= 1 ;j.<=4;++j)

{

printf("%d\t",(i+j)* 10);

}

printf("\n");

}

getch();

}

27. Write a C program to display the pyramid of numbers for a given number.

1 2 1

1 2 3 2 1

1 2 3 4 3 2 1

1 2 3 4 5 4 3 2 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int n,a,j,k;

printf("Enter a number to form a pyramid:");

scanf("%d",&n);

printf("\n\t\n\t");

for (a = 1; a < =n; a ++)

{

for(j = 1;j<=n-a;j ++)

{

printf (" ");

for (k=1 ;k<=a;k++)

{

printf ("%d", k);

for (k=a-1 ;k>0;k--)

{

printf("%d ", k);

printf ("\n\t\t");

}

getch ();

}

28. Write a program to display the following series

45 6

78 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 [i.e.Floyd’s Theorem]

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int i,j=l,k;

for(i= 1 ;i<=5;++i)

{

for(k =1 ;k<=i;j++,k++)

{

printf("%dt",j);

}

printf("\n");

}

getch();

}

Or,

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int i,j,sum=0;

for(i=1 ;i<5;++i)

{

for(j=0;j<i;++j)

{

sum=sum+1;

printf("%d\t",sum);

}

printf("\n");

}

getch();

}

Array

An array can be defined as a set of finite number of homogeneous elements or data items. It means an array can contain one type of data only, either all integers ,all characters, all floating point etc. The individual data items are represented by their corresponding array elements(i.e. first data item is represented by first array element, second data item is represented by second array element and so on). The individual array elements are distinguished from one another by the value that is assigned to a subscript.

Declaring of an array

int a[5];

Where int specifies data type of elements array, "a" is the name of array and number specified inside the square brackets is number of elements an array can stores.

Followings are some of the concept to be remembered about arrays:

a) The individual element of an array can be accessed by specifying name of array, followed by index or subscript inside square brackets. Example: int 45];

b) The first element of array has index zero[0].It means first element and last element will be specified as a[0] and a[4] respectively.

c) The elements of array always be stored in consecutive memory locations.

d) The size of array is given by (Upperbound-lowerbound)+1

(4-0)+ 1 =5.

where O=lowerbound and 4=upperbound.

e) Arrays can be read or written through loop.If we read a one- dimensional array, it requires one loop for reading and writing.

If we are reading or writing two-dimensional array it would require two loops. Sirnilarly array of n dimension would require n loops.

There are two types of array and these are

(a) One-dimensional array

(b) Two- dimensional array

(a) One dimensional array: It consists only either rows or columns.

syntax> data _ type array_name [expression];

e.g. int marks [500];

char sentence [100];

float percentage [8]; etc.

(b) Two dimensional array: It consists both rows and columns. syntax> data — type array name [expression 1] [expression2];

e.g.

int matrix [5] [5];

char name [10] [30]; etc.

1. Differentiate between one-dimensional and two-dimensional array.

Differentiation between one-dimensional and multi-dimensional array:

One-Dimensional array	Two-dimensional array
a)Only one subscript is used in one-dimensional array	Two subscript is used in two- dimensional array.
b) Syntax>data_type array_name [subscript]; Examples: char name[20]; int marks[5]; etc Here, subscript is used to denote either rows or columns.	Syntax>data_type array_name [subscript 1] [subsc ript2]; Examples: int marks[100][5]; int matrix[5][5]; etc. Here, subscriptl is used to denotes rows and subscript2 denotes columns.
c) Only one loop statement is used to create or retrieve array elements,	Two looping statements are used to create or retrieve array elements, i.e. first loop for rows and second loop for columns.
d) Example: Display name & age of a student. #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main () { char name [20]; int age; printf ("Enter name:"); gets (name); printf ("Enter age \n"); scanf("%d", &age); printf ("\n Name :%s", name); printf ("Age:%d", age); getch(); }	Example: Display elements of a matrix: #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main () { int matrixa[2] [2],i,j; printf("Enter elements of a matrix:"): for(i=0;i<2;++i) { for(j=0;j<2;++j) scanf("%d",&matrixa[i] [ii); } //Displaying data for(i=0;i<2;++i) { for(j=0;j<2;++j) printf("%d\t",matrixa[i] [j]); printf("\n") ; } Getch(); }

String Function

A string is a group of characters of any length. The string enclosed within double quotation marks is known as a literal. For example, "Hello" is literal. We can use such strings in our programs to display various kinds of messages on the screen. The strings can be stored and manipulated as array of characters in C and C++. The last character in a string is always ‘\0’, a null character. For example, the string "PROGRAM" can be stored in an array as

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

items

The string requires total 8 locations of array item: seven for the alphabets in the string PROGRAM and one for the null character. The array item can be declared as:

char item[8];

Other examples of array declarations are:

int x[25];

char name [20];

float sal[15];

Array declarations that include the assignment of initial values are

int x[5] = { 56, 42, 90, 65, 55 };

x[0] x[1] x[2] x[3] x[4]

or char text[6] = { "today"};

char text[6] ={	‘t’	‘o’	‘d’	‘a’	‘y’	‘\0’	};
	Text [0]	Text [1]	Text [2]	Text [3]	Text [4]	Text [5]	Text

intA[4][3] = { 5, 2, 7,

3, 9, 6,

1, 7, 8

9, 2, 3};

int list[5][10] = { "Ram",

"Shyam",

"Han",

"Gopal",

"Rampayri" };

Differences Between Array And Unions With Syntax.

Differentiation between structure and unions:

Array	Union
Array is the collection of data items which will have the same name.	Union is a collection of heterogeneous data types
Each element has specific memory space	Each element has no specific memory space but space allocated for largest elementis is utilized by other sized element.
Keyword is not required to declare array,	Keyword is required to declare union
Array has its type and these are: (i) one dimensional array (ii) multi dimensional array	Union has no type
The syntax of array: (i) One dimensional array: data_type array_name [size of array]; It consists only rows or columns i.e. char name [20]; (ii) Two-dimensional array: data_type array_name[expl] [exp2]; e.g. char name [5] [25]; It contains rows & columns.	Syntax of union: union user_defined_name { data_type member 1; data_type member2; ……………. data_type membern; } union user_defined_name van, var2 e.g struct student { char name [20]; int age; }; union student one;
Example : Display name & age: #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main () { char name [20]; int age; pnintf ("Enter name:"); gets (name); printf ("Enter age \n"); scanf ("%d", &age); printf ("\n Name :%s", name); printf("Age:%d", age); getch () ; }	Example: Display name & age: #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main () { union student { char name [20]; int age; } one; printf ("Enter name :\n"); scanf ("%s", one.name); printf ("\n Enter age:"); scanf ("%d", &one.age); printf ("\n Name : %s",one.name); printf ("Age :%d", one.age); getch(); }

1. Write a program to display the following numbers.

3,56,76,5,90

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

void main ()

{

int i,num[5]={ 3,56,76,5,90};

printf("List of number\n");

for(i=0;i<4;++i)

printf("%d" ,num[i]);

getch();

}

Write a C program to read age of 100 person from keyboard,display it in proper format.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main ()

{

int i,num[100];

//Giving input from keyboard

for(i=0;i<lOO;++i)

{

printf( Enter age of 100 persons: ")

scanf ("%d",&num[i]);

}

//Displaying age of 100 persons

printf("List of number\n");

for(i=0;i<100;++i)

printf("%d" ,num[i]);

getch():

}

3. Write a C program to read 10 numbers and print them in reverse order

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int num[10],i;

for(i=0;i<O;i++)

{

printf( Enter a number: );

scanf("%d",&num[i]);

}

printf("The number in reverse order are:");

for(i=9;i>0;i--)

printf("%d\n\t\t\t\t",num[i]);

getch();

}

4. Write a program to store ten different constant variables in any array and print out the greatest number. [HSEB-2064]

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

void main ()

{

int a[10]={100,1,23,43,56,21,80,54,67,2};

int i, large;

large= a [0];

for(i=0;i<10;i++)

{

if (large < a [i])

large = a[i];

}

printf ("\n largest no = %d", large);

getch ();

}

5. Write a ‘C’ program to read salaries of 200 employees and count the number of employees getting salary between 5000-10000. [HSEB-2062]

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h >

void main ()

{

int count = 0, salary [200], i;

// Reading salary of 200 employees

for (i= 0; i< 200; i++)

{

printf (" Enter salary :" );

scanf ("%d", & salary [i]);

}

//counting number of employees getting salary between

//5000 - 10000

for (i = 0; i < 200; i ++)

{

if (salary [i]> 5000 && salary [i] < 10000)

count + +;

}

printf ("Total number of employees getting salaries between 500-10000 = %d", count);

getch();

}

The marks obtained by a student in a 7 different subjects are entered through the keyboard. The student gets a division as per the following rules:

Percentage greater or equal to 60 First division

Percentage between 45 and 59 Second division

Percentage between 35 and 44 Third division

Percentage less than 35 Fail

Write a program using C language to process result of all’ students based on specification stated above.

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

void main ()

{

char name [20];

int i;

float x [7], per, total = 0;

printf ("Enter name =");

scanf ("%s", name);

for (i= 0; i< 7; i++)

{

printf ("Enter mark of a subject =");

scanf ("%f", &x [i]);

total = total + x [i];

}

printf ("\n\n");

per = total/7;

printf ("Name %s\n", name);

printf ("Total = % f\n", total);

printf ("Percentage = %fn", per);

if (per>60)

printf ("First division\n");

else if (per> = 45)

printf ("Second division\n");

else if (per> = 35)

printf ("Third division");

else

printf ("Fail\n");

getch ();

}

7. Write a program using C language to read the age of 100 persons and count number of persons in the age group between 50 and 60. Use "For" and "Continue" statements. [HSEB 2061]

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

void main ()

{

int age [100];

int i, count 0;

//Reading the age of 100 persons

for(i=0;i<100;i++)

{

printf ("Enter age of a person :");

scanf("%d", & age [i]);

}

//Comparing age group between 50 & 60

for (i= 0, i< 100; i++)

{

if (age [i] > = 50 && age {i] <= 6O)

count + +;

continue;

}

printf ("Total number of persons in the age group between 50 and 60 are: %d", count);

getch();

}

8. Write a program to find whether the given number is palindrome or not.

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

void main ()

{

int a[10],num,i=0,result=O,n;

printf("Enter the number:");

scanf("%d",&n);

num=n;

while(num!=0)

{

result=result* 10;

a[i]=num%10;

num=num/ 10;

result=result+a[i];

++i;

}

if(result==n)

printf("The number is palindrome");

getch();

}

9. Write a ‘C’ program to input ‘n’ numbers and find out the greatest and smallest number. [HSEB 2O62]

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

void main ()

{

int n, i, max, a[100], min;

printf ("How many nos ?");

scanf ("%d", &n);

//Reading numbers

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

printf ("Enter numbers :");

scanf("%d", &a [i]);

}

// Finding the greatest and smallest number.

max=a[O];

min=a[0];

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

if (a [i] > max)

max = a[i];

else if( a[i]<min)

min = a[i];

}

printf ("The greatest number %d\n", max);

printf ("The smallest number = %d", min);

getch ();

}

10. Write a program, which reads marks of N students in an array and add a grace of 10 marks to every element of the array.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int n,i,mark[ 10] ,sum[1 0];

printf("Enter how many students:");

scanf("%d" ,&n);

printf("\n\n");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

printf("Enter mark:");

scanf("%d",&mark[i]);

sum [i]=mark[i] + 10;

}

printf("\n\n");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

printf("The mark of studit after adding a grace 0f 10 marks:%d\n",sum [i]);

getch();

}

11. Write a program to enter ‘n’ numbers into one dimensional array and sort and display them in ascending order.[HSEB-2065]

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

#define MAX 500

void main ()

{

int a [MAX], i, j, n, temp; printf ("How many numbers ?");

scanf ("%d", &n);

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

printf ("Enter numbers =");

scanf ("%d",& a [i]);

}

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

for (j = i+1; j < n; j ++)

{

if(a [i]> a [i])

{

temp = a[i];

a[i]=a[j];

a [j] = temp;

}

printf (‘Sorted array\n");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

printf ("%d\t", a[i]);

}

getch();

}

12. Write a program to read a set of ‘n’ numbers from the standard input device and to sort them in descending order.

13. Write a C program that reads name and mark of 10 different students and prints them in tabular format.

14. Write a program to input names of ‘n’ number of students and sort them in alphabetical order. [HSEB-2062]

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

#include <string.h>

void main ()

{

char name [100] [100], temp[100];

int i, j, n;

printf ("Enter number of students =");

scanf("%d’, &n);

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

printf ("Enter name :");

scanf (‘%s", name [ii);

fflush (stdin);

}

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

for (j = + l;j <n;j +

{

if(strcmpi (name [i], name [j]) > 0)

{

strcpy(temp, name [i]);

strcpy (hame [i], name [j]);

strcpy (name [j], temp);

}

for(I =0;I < n;I ++)

{

printf ("%s\n", name [1]);

}

getch ( );

}

15. Write a C program to read anme and address of 5 different students,sort them in alphabetical order.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#includecstring.h>

void main( )

{

char name[5] [80] ,add[5] [80] ,temp[80,temp 1 [80];

int i,j;

printf("enter name and age:");

for(i=0;i<5 ;i++) scanf("%s%s" ,name[i] ,add [i]);

for(i=0;i<5 ;i++)

{

for(j=i+1 ;j<5;j++)

if(strcmp (name [i] ,name [3]) >0)

{

strcpy(temp,name[i]);

strcpy(name [i] ,name[j]);

strcpy(name [j] ,temp);

strcpy(temp 1 ,add[i])

strcpy(add[i],add[j]);

strcpy(add [j] ,temp 1);

}

printf("The result\n");

for(i=0;i<5 ;i÷+)

printf("%s\t%s\n" ,name[i] ,add[i]);

getch();

}

16. Write a C program to read elements of any two matrices and sum of them.

Or,

Write a program to add two matrices. [HSEB 2065]

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

void main ()

{

int a[5][5], b[5][5], c[5] [5], i, j;

Printf ("Enter the elements of matrix A = ");

for (i= 0; i< 5; i+ +)

{

for (j= 0; j< 5; j+ +)

{

scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);

}

printf ("Enter elements of matrix B =");

for (i= 0; i< 5; i+ +)

{

for (j= 0; j< 5; j+ +)

{

scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);

}

for (i= 0; i< 5; i+ +)

{

for (j= 0; j< 5; j+ +)

{

c[i][j] = a[i][j] +b[i][j];

}

for (i= 0; i< 5; i+ +)

{

for (j= 0; j< 5; j+ +)

{

printf("%d\t",c[i][j]);

}

getch();

}

17. Write a program to find row sum and column sum of a matrix

18. Write a program to obtain transpose of a 3X3 matrix. Ans: #include <stdio.h>

19. Write a program to read a set of numbers from keyboard and to sort out the given array of elements in ascending order using a function.

21. Read the maximum and minimum temperature of 7 days of Kathmandu Valley and creates a function to calculate minimum and maximum temperature, also find the average temperature.

22. Write a program to enter 10 different number in array variable and check whether the entered number is prime or not usin function.

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h> #include <process.h>

void check (int n);

void main ()

{

int n[10], i;

for (i=0;i< 10;i++)

{

printf ("Enter 10 different numbers :");

scanf("%d", &n [i]);

check (n [i]);

}

getch();

}

void check (int n)

{

int i;

for (i = 2; i < = n/2; i ++)

{

if (n % i = = 0)

{

printf ("Not prime");

exit (0);

}

printf ("\n Prime number");

}

23. Write a program to enter a string and count total number of alphabet "A" occured in the string.

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

void main ()

{

char sen [50];

int count = 0;

printf ("Enter a sentence:");

gets (sen);

for (i = 0; sen [i] ! = ‘\O’, i ++)

{

if(sen [i] = = ‘A’ && sen [i] = = ‘a’)

count=Count+ 1;

}

printf ("Total no. of alphabet of occurred in a sentence : %d" count);

getch();

}

24. Write a program to read a line and replace space by ".

25. Write a program to input a message from keyboard and display

the menu.

1. Print message length in terms of characters

2. Print the message in re’’erse order

3. Print the message in capital letters

4. Copy the message from one location of screen to another location

5. Check the palindrome

6. Exit

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <process.h>

void main ()

{

char str [40], dest [40], dest2 [40];

int choice, l;

printf ("Main menu");

printf ("1. Print message length \n");

printf ("2. Print message in reverse order \n");

printf ("3. Print the message in capital letters \n");

printf ("4. Copy the message from one location to another\n");

printf ("5. Check the palindrome \n");

printf ("6. Exit \n\n");

printf ("Enter your choice (1/2/3/4/5/6):");

scanf ("%d", & choice);

switch (choice)

{

case 1:

printS ("Enter a string\n");

gets (str);

l= strien (str);

printf ("Length of message = %d", 1);

break;

case 2

printf ("Enter a string \n");

gets (str);

printf ("String in reverse order \n");

printf ("%s", strrev (str));

break;

case 3:

printf ("Enter a string \n");

gets (str);

printf ("%s", strupr (str));

break;

case 4

printf ("Enter a string \n");

gets (str);

strcpy (dest, str);

printf ("copied string : %s", str);

break;

case 5

printf ("Enter a string :");

gets (str);

strcpy (dest, str);

strcpy (dest2, strrev (dest));

if (strcmp (str, dest2) = = 0)

printf ("Palindrome \n");

else

printf ("Not palindrome"); brealq

case 6:

exit (0);

default:

printf ("You aren’t allowed to type otheis\n");

exit (0);

}

getch();

}

27. Write a menu drIven program which has the following options:

1. Reverse order

2. Ascending order

3. Descending order

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

#include <process.h>

void main ()

{

Int i, num [10], ch, temp;

printf ("Enter 10 numbers \n");

for (i= 0; i< 10, i++)

scanf("%d", & num [i]);

printf ("Main menu printf("l. Reverse order \n");

printf ("2. Ascending order \n");

printf ("3. Descending order \n");

printf ("4. Exit \n");

printf ("Enter your choice (1/2/3/4):".);

scanf ("%d", & ch);

switch (ch)

{

case 1

for(i = 9; i >= 0; i——)

printf (" % d\t", num [i]);

break;

case 2:

for (i= 0; i < = 9; i ++)

{

for(j=i+1;j<9;j++)

{

if(num [i] > num [j])

{

temp = num [i];

num [i] = num [j];

num [j] = temp;

}

printf("%d\t", num [i]);

}

break;

case 3:

for(i=0;i<9;i++)

{

for(j=i+1;j<9;i++)

{

if (num [1] <num [i])

{

temp = num [i];

num [i] = num [j];

num [j] = temp;

}

printf ("%d \t’, num [i]);

}

break;

case 4:

exit(0);

default:

printf (\n Not allowed to type other’);

exit (0);

}

getch();

}

28. Write a program to read 10 different names and age into an array and sort them in ascending order by age and print sorted list.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<string.h>

void main ()

{

char name [10] [30], name1 [30];

int age [10],i, j, temp;

for(i=0;i< 10;i++)

{

printf ("Enter name \n")

scanf ("%s", name[10]);

printf ("Enter age \n");

scanf("%d", &age [i]);

}

for(i=0;i< 10;i++)

{

for(j=i+1;j < 10;j ++)

{

if (age [i] > age [j])

{

temp = age [i];

age [i] = age [j];

age [j] = temp;

strcpy (name1, name [i]);

strcpy (name [i], name[j]);

strcpy (name [j],name1);

}

print1 (" \n Name \ t \tAge \n");

for(i=O;i< 10;i-q-+)

printf(" % s t \t %d\n", name [i], age [i]);

getch ();

}

29. Write a program that reads a line and count the number of letters, vowels, consonants, words and blank spaces present in the line.

30. Write a program which will ask the user to input a single character and then a string and will count the occurrence of that character in that string.

31. Write a program that reads a string and prints the string in

1. UPPER CASE

2. Sentence case

3. Title Case

4. toGGLE cASE

32. Write a program that will print all the rotations of a word typed into it. [e.g. space, paces, acesp, cespa, espac]

33. Develop a program that will read and store the details of a list of students in tabular format and produce the following output

lists:

1. Alphabetical list of names, roll number and marks obtained.

2. List sorted on roll numbers.

3. List sorted on marks.

34. Write a program that reads the name, roll number and marks in

5 different subjects of 10 students, and prints name, roll and total marks obtained by each student in tabular form.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main ()

int i,j,roll[10],total[1 0] ,mark[10] [5];

char name [10] [20];

for (i =0; i < 10; i++)

{

printf ("Enter name :");

scanf ("%s \n", name[i]);

printf ("Enter roll number :\n");

scanf ("%d", &roll[i]);

printf ("Enter marks in 10 different subjects :");

total [i]=0;

for(j0;j<5;j++)

{

scanf ("%d’, &mark[i] [i]);

total [i] = total [i] + mark[i] [i];

}

printf ("\n Name \t Roll number \t Total \n");

printf ("-------------------------------------------");

for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)

printf("% s t % d \ t% d\n", name [i], roll [i], total [i]);

getch();

}

35. Write a program to display the following patters:

H H

E E E

LLLL

0000

w w w w w

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

char str[]="HELLOW";

int i,j;

for(i=O;i<=6;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<i;j++)

{

printf("%c" ,str[il);

}

printf(’\n");

}

getchO;

}

Function

A function groups a number of statements into a unit and gives it a name. Then the unit can be invoked from some other parts of the program. We can avoid rewriting of a group of codes by defining them within a function block and use them by simply calling the function name.

Advantages of function:

(a) Easy to write a correct small function.

(b) Easy to read, write and debug function.

(d) Small function tend to be self documenting and highly readable.

(e) It can be called any number of times in any place with different parameters.

Modular Programming

When a program becomes very large and complex, it becomes very difficult task for the programmer to design, test and debug such a program. Therefore, a long program can be divided into a smaller programs called modules. As the modules can be designed, tested and debugged separately, the task of programmer becomes easy and convenient. The division of a long program into a smaller programs (or modules) is called modular programming.

Advantages of Modular Programming

(a) It is easier to design, test and debug a single modules as compared to an entire program.

(b) Usually, a module of general nature is prepared so that it can be used elsewhere.

Disadvantages of Modular Programming

(a) Since separate modules map repeat certain functions, the modular programming often need extra time and memory.

Why modular style Programming

There are many good reasons to program in a modular style:

— Don’t have to repeat the same block of code many times in• your code. Make that code block a function and call it when needed.

— Function portability: useful functions can be used in a number of programs.

— Supports the top-down technique for devising a program algorithm. Make an outline and hierarchy of the steps needed to solve your problem and create a function for each step.

— Easy to debug. Get one function working well then move on to the others.

— Easy to modify and expand. Just add more functions to extend program capability

— For a large programming project, you will code only a small fraction of the program.

— Make program self-documenting and readable.

Function declaration:

It specifies function name, argument types and return value. Alerts coniputer (and programmer) that function j is coming up later.

Examples: void display();

int sum (int, int, int);

etc.

Function call :

It is also a component of the function and causes the function to be executed.

Examples: display ();

result = sum(a, b, c);

etc.

Function definition :

The function itself contains the lines of code that constitute the function.

Examples: void display()

{

for(int i=O;i<9;i+-i-)

printf ("+");

}

int sum(int x, int y, jot z)

{

res = x÷ y + z;

return res;

}

Function parameter :

The parameter specified in function call are known as actual parameter and the parameter specified in function declaration are known as formal parameter

Example: res = sum(a, b, c);

Here a, b, c are actual parameter int sum (jot x, int y, jot z)

Here x, y z are formal parameter.

Function return:

Function can be organized into two type.

(a) Function that do not have a return type i.e. void function.

(b) Function that do have a return value (i.e. return (res);)

Recursion

Recursion is a process of a function calling itself again and again until some condition has been satisfied. Using recursion, two condition must be satisfied.

(a) The program must be written in a recursive form.

(b) The problem statement must include a stopping condition. If not, computer will hang.

Example: To calculate factorial using recursion

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int factorial (int);

void main ()

{

Int n;

printf ("Enter a number =");

scanf ("%d", &n);

printf ("Factorial no = %d, factorial (n));

getch ();
}

int factorial (int n)

{

if(n < = I)

return 1.;

else

return (n * factorial (n - 1));

}

Call by value:

value of actual argument parameter is copied into the formal parameter of the function.

Example:

{

Int a= 5, b = 10;

fun (a, b);

printf("a = %d,b = %d",a, b);

getch();

void fun (int x, int y)

{

x=x+ 100;

y=y+ 100;

}

Call by reference:

Definition address of actual argument parameter i assigned to the formal argument parameter.

Example:

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

void fun (int *, int *);

void main ()

{

intt a = 5, b = 10;

fun (&a, &b);

printf ("a = %d, b = %d", a,b);

getch();

}

void fun (int x, int *y)

{

*x = *x +100;

*y= *y + 100;

}

1)Write a program to calculate the area and circumference of a circle using a function where radius of circle is input by user and define ‘pie’ as constant.

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

#define pie 3.14

void findarea (int);

void findcircum (int);

void main ()

{

int r;

printf ("Enter the value of radius =");

scanf ("%d", &r);

findarea (r);

findcircum (r);

getch();

}

void findarea (int r)

{

float a;

a = pie * r * r;

printf ("Area of a circle = %f", a);

}

void findcircum (int r)

{

float C;

c = 2*pie * r;

printf ("\n circumference of a circle = %f",c);

}

2) Write a program to print all even numbers from 2-40 using nonreturnable function.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void print_even ();

void main ()

{

printf ("Here are even numbers from 2 to 40");

print_even ();

printf ("You got the result");

getch ();

}

void print_even ()

{

Int a;

for (a = 2;a<=40;a+2)

printf ("%d\n" a);

}

3) Write a program to find multiplication table of any number using function.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void numbers(int);

void main()

{

int n;

printf("Enter sny number=");

scanf("%d",&n);

numbers(n);

getch();

}

void numbers(int n)

{

int x,m;

for(x= 1 ;x<z 1 0;++x)

m=n*x;

printf("%d x %d=%d\n",n,x,m);

}

4) Write a program to calculate the factorial number of any number entered through the keyboard by using returnable function.

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

long int factorial (int);

void main ()

{

int n;

long int fact;

printf ("Enter a number =");

scanf ("%d", &n);

fact = factorial (n);

printf ("Factorial number of %d = %ld", n, fact);

getch ();

}

long int factorial (int n)

{

long int fact= 1;

for (inti= 1;i<n;i÷÷)

fact = fact *i;

return fact;

}

5) Write a function power (a, b), to calculate the value of a raised to b.

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int powl (int x, int y)

void main ()

{

int x, y;

pow1;

printf (‘Enter two numbers =");

scanf ("%d %d", &x, &y);

powl = power (x, y)

; printf("\n %d to the power %d = %d", x, y, powl);

getch();

}

int powl (int x, int y)

{

int i;

long p= 1;

for(i= 1;i<=y;i++)

p = p * x;

return p;

}

6) A digit positive integer is entered through the keyboard, write a function to calculate sum of digis of number.

(a) Without using recursion.

(b) Using recursion.

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int wsum (int);

jut rsum (int);

void main ()

{

jut s, rs;

Int n;

printf ("Enter number =");

scanf ("%d", &n);

s = wsum (n);

printf ("Sum of digits without recursion = %d\n",s);

rs = rsum (n);

printf ("Sum of digits using recursion = %d\n", rs);

getch();

}

int wsum (int n)

{

Int r, sum 0;

while (n> 0)

{

r= n%10;

}

sum = sum + r; n = n/10;

return sum;

}

int rsum (int n)

{

int r, sum = 0;

if(n! = 0)

{

r=n%10;

sum = r + rsum (n/l0);

}

return sum;

}

Write a program to print 10 positive integers and their factorials. [HSEB-2062]

#include <stdio.h>

#inclucle <conio.h>

long int factorial (int);

void main ()

{

jut ,num[10],i;

long int fact;

printf ("Enter any 10 numbers =");

for(i=0;i< 10;i++)

{

printf ("Enter numbers\n");

scanf ("%d", &num [i]);

fact = factorial (num [1]);

printf ("Factorial no. of %d is %ld", num [i], fact);

}

getch();

}

long int factorial (long int n)

{

long int fact= 1;

int i;

for(i=O;i<n;i++)

fact = fact *i;

return fact;

}

Write a c program to find sum of ‘n’ numbers which is divisibi by 5 using function.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

int sum(int);

void main ()

{

int x, y;

printf ("Enter two numbers =");

scanf ("%d", &x);

y=sum(x);

printf("sum=%d" ,y);

getch();

}

Int sum(int x)

{

int i,s=O;

for (i =1; i<=x; i++)

{

if(i%5==0)

s=s+i;

}

return s;

}

7) Write a program to read 100 different number from users, store them in an array, passes the array through function and, find maximum number among them.

#includecstdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

int numbers(int no[100], int n);

void main ()

{

int n,no[100],i;

printf ("Enter the value of n =\n");

scanf (‘%d", &n);

for (i = 1; i<n; i++)

{

printf ("Enter numbers : \n");

scanf("%d’,&no[i]);

printf("Maximum number=%d",numbers(no,n));

}

getch();

}

int numbers(int no[100],int n)

{

int max=0;

for (int i=1;i<n;i++)

{

if(no[i]> max)

max=no [i];

}

return max;

}

Structure

A structure is a collection of one or more variables grouped under a single name for easy manipulation. The variables in a structure, unlike those in an array, can be of different variable types. A structure can contain any of C’s data types, including arrays and other structures. Each 3variable within a structure is called a member of the structure.

Declaration of a structure

e.g. struct student

{

char name [20]; int class; int age;

};

struct date char month[2]; char day[2]; char year[4];

} current_date;

struct student a;

In the above example,

struct => keyword

student => structure data type name name[20] ,

class and age =>Member name

a=>declaring structure variable

The data members are accessed by structure variables with followed by a. (period sign), called dot operator.

Differentiate between array and structure with examples. [HSEB-2O66]

	Array	Structure
1	Array is the collection of data items which will have the same name.	It is a kind of user define data type which can store the data of various type such as character, integer etc.
2	The individual array elements are distinguished from one another by value that is assigned to a subscript or index	Structure is not represented by index or subscript.
3	Array has its type and these are: (i) one dimensional array (ii) multi dimensional Array	Structure has no type
4	The syntax of array: (i) One dimensional array: datatype array_name [size of array]; It consists only rows or columns i.e. char name [201; (ii) Multi-dimensional array: data_type array_name [exp 1] [exp2]; e.g. char name [5] [25]; It contains rows and columns.	Syntax of structure: struct user_defined_name data_type member 1; data_type member2; daa_type membern; struct user_defined_name van, var2 e.g. struct student char name [20]; int age; struct student one;
	Example : Display name & age: #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main () char name [20]; int age; printf ("Enter name:"); gets (name); printf ("Enter age \n"); scanf ("%d", &age); printf("\n Name :%s", name); printf ("Age:%d", age); getch(); }	Example : Display name age: #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main () { struct student{ char name [20]; int age; one; printf ("Enter name"); scanf ("%s", one.name); printf ("\n Enter age:"); scanf ("%d", &one.age); printf ("\n Name : %s", one. name); printf ("Age :%d", one.age); getch(); }

Differences between structure and union .[HSEB-2065]

	Structure	Union
1	It is a kind of user defined data type which can store the data of various type such as character, integer etc.	Union is a collection of hetrogeneous data types
2	Each element has specific memory space and takes more memory space than union.	Each element has no specific memory space but space allocated for largest elements is utilized by other sized element.
3	Keyword,i.e.struct is required to declare structure,	Keyword ,i.e.union is required to declare union

Programming

1) Write a program to read roll number,name and age of a student

and display it in proper format.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio .h>

struct student{

int rollno;

char name[20];

int age;

}a;

void main()

{

printf("Enter roll number:"):

scanf("%d",&a.rollno);

printf("Enter nape:"):

scanf("%s",a.name);

printf("Ent’er age:"):

scanf("%d", &a.age);

print f("%d\t %s\t %d",a. rollno,a.name,a.age);

getch();

}

2) Write a program to enter name,address and age of 5 different persons,print it in tabular format.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

struct student{

char name[20];

char add[20]; int age;

}a[5];

void main()

{

int i; for(i=0;i<5;++i)

{

printf("Enter name:"); scanf("%s",a[i] .narne); fflush(stdin);

printf(’ Enter address:");

scanf("%s" ,a[ij .add); printf("Enter age:");

scanf("%d",&a[i] .age);

printf("\n\n");

printf("Name\tAddress\tAge\n");

printf("

for(i=0;i<5;++i)

printf(" %s\t %s\t %d\n",a[iJ .name,a[i] .add,a[ij .age);

getch();

}

3) Write a program to enter name, price and pages of 10 different books and display them in tabular format.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main ()

struct book

{

char name [15]; float price;

int pages; } list [10];

int i;

for(i=O;i< 10;i++)

{

printf ("Enter name, price & pages of %d bq9k:",(i + 1));

scanf ("%s %f %d", list [ij.name, &list [ii. price,&list [i].pages);

}

printf ("Name \t price \t pages \n");

for (i=0;i< 10;i++)

{

printf("%s \ t % f\t % d\n", list Ji].name, list [i].price, list[i]. pages);

getch ();

}

4) Write a C program to read name,marks in 5 different subjects of a student, find total, percentage. Print name, marks, total and percentage in tabular format.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

struct student{

char name[20]; int mark[5];

}list;

void main()

{

int tot=0,per,i;

printf("Enter name:");

scanf("%s" ,list.name);

for(i=0;i<5;i++)

{

printf("Enter mark:");

scanf(’%d",&list.mark[i]);

tot=tot÷list.mark[i];

}

per=tot/5;

printf("NAME\tsub 1 \tsub2\tsub3\tsub4\tsub5\tTOTAL\t per\ n")

printf("%s" ,list. name);

for(i=0;i<5 ;i++)

{

printf("%d\t" ,list.mark[i]);

printf("%d\t%d\n’,per,tot);

}

getch();

}

5) Write a program that reads different names and addresse into

the computer; and sorts the name into alphabetical order using

structure variables. [HSEB-2064]

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<string.h>

struct stud{

char name [80] ,add[80] ,temp[80] ,temp 1 [801;

Ia[5];

void main()

{

int i,j;

printf("enter name and age:");

for(i=0;i<5 ;i++)

{

scanf(’%s%s’ ,a[i] .name,a[i] .add);

for(i=0;i<5;i÷+)

{

for(j=i+1;j<5;j-t-÷)

if(strcmp (a[i] .name,ã[j] .name) >0)

{

strcpy(a[il .temp,a[i] .name);

strcpy(a[i] .name,a[j] .name);

strcpy(a[j] .name,a [i] .temp);

strcpy(a[i] .temp 1 ,a[i] .add);

strcpy(a[i] .add,a[j] .add);

strcpy(a[jj .add,a[i] .temp 1);

}

printf("The result\n");

for(i=0;i<5;i+÷)

{

printf("%s\t%s\n" ,a[i] .name,a[i] .add);

}

getch();

}

6) Write a program to read a set of names, roll number, sex, height

and weight of the students from the keyboard and to sort them in ascending order using a structure within an array data type.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include.cstring.h>

#define MAX 250

int i, n;

struct school

{

char name [25]; int rolino;

char sex [7];

float height;

float weight;

}student [MAX];

void main ()

{

void output (school student [MAX], int n);

void sort (school student [MAX], int n);

printf ("How many data ?");

scanf ("%d", &n);

for (i = 0; i < n; i++)

{

printf ("Record = %d \n", i + 1);

printf ("Enter name : \n");

scanf("%s", student [i].name);

fflush(stdin);

printf ("enter roll number \n"); scanf("%d", &student[il. roilno);

fflush(stdin);

printf ("Enter sex ");

scanf("%s", student [i].sex);

printf ("Enter height:\n");

scanf ("%f’, &student[i]. height);

printf ("Enter weight : \n");

scanf (‘%f’,&student[i]. weight);

printf ("\n n");

}

printf ("Unsorted data \n");

output (student, n);

printf ("Sorted data \n\n");

output (student, n);

getch();

}

void output (school student [MAX],int n)

{

printf ("Name \t Roll no \t Sex \t Height \t Weight \n");

printf(" \n");

for (i = 0; i < n; i++)

{

printf("%s \t % d \t % s \t %f\t %f\t \n", student [i]. name, student [ii. rolino, student [I]. sex, student [i]. height, student [i]. weight);

}

void sort (school student [MAX), int n)

struct school temp; int i, j;

for (i = 0; i < n; i++)

{

for (j = i+1; j <n;j++)

{

if (strcmp(student[i] .name, student[j] .name)<=O)

{

temp = student[i];

student [i] = student [j];

student [j] = temp;

}

7) Write a C program to pass structure as parameter to function.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conjo.h>

struct data{

float amount;

char fname[30};

char lname [30];

} rec;

void print_rec(struct data x);

void main()

{

printf("Enter the donor’s first and last names,\n");

printf("separated by a space: ‘); scanf("%s %s", rec.fname, rec.lname);

printf(’\nEnter the donation amount:

scanf("%f’, &rec.amount); print_rec( rec);

getch();

}

void print_rec(struct data x)

{

printf("\nDonor %s %s gave Rs%.2f.\n", x.fname, x.lname, x.amount);

}

Pointer

A pointer is a variable which stores the address number of reference number of a cell, instead of storing the actual value of the cell. It is really a very powerful variable which is used tø directly deal with memory of computer. A pointer is denoted by

(indirection operator) and has to be declared in the similar way as we declare other ‘ariables.

e.g. int a; //A normal variable

int *p; //A pointer that will point to an integer data

p = &a; //Assign address of ‘a’ to ‘p’, pointer ‘p’ will II Point I/to the value of variable ‘a’.

Advantages of pointers are:

(a) It allows us to pass variables, arrays, functions, string and structures as function arguments.

(b) Pointers are more in handling the data table.

(d) Pointer reduce the length and complexity of a program.

(e) It supports dynamic memory allocation and de allocation of memory arguments.

(f) The use of a pointer array to character strings results in saving of data storage space in memory.

Uses of Pointer

- Pointers are more efficient in handling the data array. They are used to manipulate arrays more easily by moving pointers to them instead of moving the arrays themselves.

- Pointers reduce the length and complexity of a program.

- Pointers are used to return more than one values from a function.

- Pointers are used to create complex data structures such as linked lists, trees etc.

- Pointer increases the execution speed.

- Pointers are used to communicate information about memory, which returns the location of free memory.

Eg. Using function like malloc();

Declaration of pointer variables

A pointer should be declared before its use like any other variable. Data type of the pointer is the data type of the variable to which it is pointing.

Pointer variable is defined by using an indirection symbol ". Using this operator, it becomes possible to point to the address of other variable. A pointer variable is declared as follows;

Syntax: Data_type ‘ variable_name;

Eg; int *ptr;

Explain the meaning of each of the following declarations:

(i) int *p;

(ii) int * [10];

(iii) int (*p) [10];

(iv) int *p [void];

(v) int [char *a]; [HSEB-2061]

Meaning of declared pointer statements are:

(a) int *p; A point that will point to an integer data.

(b) int [10]; p is 10-element array of pointer to integer data.

(d) int *p [void]: P is a function that returns a pointer to an integer data.

(e) int "p (char*a); P is a function that accepts an argument which is a pointer to a character and returns a pointer to an integer data.

Relation between array and pointer

In fact, the compiler translate array notation into pointer notation when compiling. Since the internal architecture of the microprocessor understands pointers but doesn’t understand arrays.

1) Write a program to swap the values of two members using functions.

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

void swap (int *, int*);

void main ()

{

int a, b;

printf ("Eiter two integers :"); scanf ("%d%d", &a, &b);

fun (&a, &b);

printf (Now, a %d \t b = %d", a, b); getch();

}

Void swap (int *x, int *y)

{

Int temp;

Temp = *x;

*x = *y;

*y = temp;

}

2) Write a program that reads N integers and prints them ascending order using pointer and user defined function.

#include<stdio.h>

#include.cconio.h>

void arr(int 4’);

int i,j,n;

void main()

{

Int *p,*q,a[10];

q=p;

printf("enter the value of N:"); scanf("%d",&n);

printf("enter the %d numbers:\n",n);

for(i=0;i<n;j++)

{

scanf("%d",p);

p++;

}

arr(q);

printf( "the array elements after sorting:\n");

for(i=O;i<n;i++)

{

printf(’%d\t",*q);

q++;

}

getch();

}

void arr(int *b)

{

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

for(j=i÷1 ;j<n;j++)

{

if(*(b+i)>*(b+j))

{

int temp=4’(b+i);

*(b+i)=*(b+j);

*(b+j)=temp;

}

return;

}

3) Write a program that reads computer marks of N different student and prints them. [Use malloc 0 function]

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

#include <malloch>

void main ()

{

int p, *q, i, N;

printf ("Enter N:");

scanf("%d", & N); p = (int *)

malloc (size of (int)*N);

q = p;

printf ("Enter computer marks of %d student", N);

for (i= 0; i< N; i++)

{

scanf ("%d", &p);

p=p+1;

}

printf ("The elements are:\n");

for (i= 0; i< N; i++)

{

printf ("The elements are :\n");

for (i=0;i<n;i++)

{

printf ("%d *q);

q = q + 1;

}

getch();

}

4) Write a program that reads roll, name and marks in 5 different subjects of N different students and prints them in appropriate ormat [Use structurepointer & malloc () function]

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<stdlib.h>

struct student

{

int roll;

char name[25];

float mark[5];

};

void main()

{

int n, i, j;

float total[5];

printf("enter the no of student:");

canf("%d" ,&n);

J p=(struct student *) malloc(sizeof(struct student)*n); q=p;

for(i=0; I<n;i++)

{

total[i]=0;

printf(’enter the record ofstd[%d]:\n",i+l);

printf("enter the roll:");

scanf("%d" ,&p->roll);

fflush(stdin); printf("enter the name:");

gets (p->name);

printf("enter the marks in 5 subjects:\n");

for(j=0;j<5;j++)

{

scanf(’%f" ,&p->mark[j]);

total [ii =total[i] +p.->mark[j];

}

P++;

}

Clrscr();

printf("\nRoll\tName\tSUB 1\tSUB2\tSUB3\tSUB4\tSU l\tDivi\tRemarks\n"); printf("

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

printf("%d\t%s\t" ,q->roll,q->name);

for(j=0;j<5;j÷+)

{

if(q->mark[j] <40)

printf("%O. 1 f"\t",q—>mark[j]);

else

printf("%. lf\t",q->mark[j]);

}

printf("%O. 1 f\n",total[i]);

q++;

}

getch();

}

Write a program which concates a string to other [use pointer].

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h> •

void main ()

{

char stri [20], str2[20];

int i;

printf ("Enter two strings :");

scanf ("%s %s’, strl, str2);

preconcatenate (str2, str I);

printf (" \n \n After adding str2 to other");

printf (" \n The new string : %s", str2);

getch ();

}

preconcatenate (char *i, char *s)

{

while (*i)

i ++;

while (*s)

*i++ = *s++;

*I = ‘\0’;

}

Data File

It is a data structure which help us to store our data on the secondary storage media (i.e. hard disk, floppy disks etc.)and to access and alter information whenever necessary. C programming has different types of library functions for creating and managing data files. Types of data files are:

A. High Level

Types of high level files are:

a. Text files

A text file is a human-readable sequence of characters and words they form that can be encoded into computer-readable formats such as ASCII. A text file is also known as ASCII file and can be read by any word processing package. There is no sound or video files or graphical files.

b. Binary files

It organizes data into blocks containing contiguous bytes of i information. It consists sound, images, graphical files etc. A binary file is made up of machine-readable symbols that represent l’s and, 0’s.

B. Low Level

Operation ‘modes’ of files are:

(i) r: open file for reading or display

(ii) w: open file for writing

(iii) a: open file for appending

syntax of character input/output, string input/output, word input/output and formatted input/output. Also write the syntax of block read and write.

a) Character input/output

a.getc()

It is used to read a single character from a file and returns the value of EOF.

The statement is ch=getc(fr);

b.putc()

It is used to write a single character into a file. The function normally returns the character written but will return value of EOF if error is encountered.

The statement is putc(ch,fp);

b) String input/output

a.fgets()

It is used to read a set of characters as a string from a given file and copies the string to a given memory location normally in array. The general format of fgets() is

fgets(sptr, n,ptr);

Where sptr=pointer to the location to receive string

n=count maximum number of character to be in the string

ptr=pointer to the file to be read

b) fputs

It is used to write a string to a given file. The general format of

fputs() is

fputs(sptr,ptr);

where sptr=pointer to the string to be written ptr=file pointer to file

c) Word input/output

a.getw()

It is used to read an integer value from a given file. The format of getw() is

getw();

b.putw();

It is used to write an integer quantity on the specified file. The syntax of putw() is

putw(w,fp);

where w is an integer value and fp is file pointer.

d) Formatted input/output

a.fscanf()

It is used to read a formatted data from a specified file.The general format of fscanf 0 is

fscanf(ptr, "control string’ clist);

where ptr is file pointer,control is different format like %d,%f etc and list is variable parameter list to be read from specified file.

b.fprinf()

It is used to write a formatted data into a given file.The genera’ format of fprintf() is

fprintf(ptr, "control siring",list);

where ptr is file pointer,control string is a formatted comman and list is variable list to be written on the file.

Block read and write(Binarv files)

a.fwrite()

It is used to write a binary data to a given file.The general form Is

fpritef(ptr,size, nitems,fptr);

where ptr=pointer that is first structure to be written. size=size in bytes of each structure

nitemsnumber of structure to be written fptr=file pointer to the file

b.fread()

It is used to read a block of binary data from a given file.

fread(ptr,size, nitems,fptr);

1) Steps for writing a file

(a) Create a FILE pointer

(b) Open fIle in write (w or a) mode

(d) Save I/O results using following syntax:

fprintf (file_pointer, "format specifier lists", variable lists);

(e) close the file using fclose (file_pointer)

Example:

{

Int age;

char name [20];

FILE *fp;

fp = fopen ("info.dat", "w");

printf ("Enter name:");

gets (name);

printf ("Enter age:");

scanf ("%d", &age);

fprintf (fp,"%s %d", name, age);

fclose (fp); return ();

}

2) Steps for reading a file

(a) create FILE pointer

(b) open file in read mode (r mode)

fscanf (file_pointer, "format specifier list", variable lists);

(d) Display data as required

e.g.

int age;

char name[20];

FILE *fp;

fp = fopen ("iñlo.dat", "r");

fscanf (fp, "%s %d", name, &age);

printf ("Your name: %s", name);

printf ("Your age: %d", age);

fclose (pp);

return ();

Write a program to read data from the keyboard, write it to a file called INFO, again read tle same data from INFO file, and display it on the screen. N

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

void main ()

{

FILE *fp;

int st_no[MAXJ ,marks[MAXJ;

char name[MAXI[20];

int i,n;

printf( How many data? );

scanf( /od ,&n);

fp = fopen( record.dat , w+ );

for(i=0;i<n;++i)

{

printf("Enter roll number:");

scanf(’%d",&std_no[iJ);

fflush(stdin);

prmntf("Enter name");

scanf( %s" ,name[i]);

printf("Enter marks:");

scanf(’%d",&marks[i]);

fprintf(fp,"%d%s%d",std_no[i] ,name[i] ,marks[i]);

}

•

rewind(fp);

printf("Roll number\tName\tMarks\n");

printf(" \n");

for(i=0;i<n;÷+i)

{

fscanf(fp,"%d%s%d",&std_no [i] ,name[i] ,&marks[i]);

printf("%d\t%s\t%d\n’ ,std_no [i] ,name[i],marks [i]);

}

fclose(fp);

getch();

}

3) Write a program for reading a data file. [HSEB-2064]

#include<stdio.h>

#include<coriio.h>

void main()

{

FILE fp;

int roll number[10],marks[10];

char name[10][20];

int i,n;

fp=fopen("c:\play.dat","r");

printf("Rojl numbertName\tMarks\n");

printf("-------\n");

for(i=0;i<10;++i)

{

fscanf(fp, "%d%s%dfl,&rofl number[i] ,name [i] ,&marks [i]);

printf("%d\t%s\t%d\n",roll_number[i] ,namc[i] ,marks [i]);

}

fclose(fp);

getch();

}

4) Write a program to enter name,roll_number and marks of 10 students and store them in the fi1e- [HSEB-2065]

#inckide<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

FILE *fp;

char name[JO][20J

int roll_number[IOJ,marks{IOJ;

int i,n;

fp = fopen("c:\play.dat’, "w");

for(i=0;i<10;++i)

{

printf("Enter roll number:");

scanf("%d", &roll_number[j]);

fflush(stdjn);

printf("Enter name");

scanf(’%s",name[j]);

printf("Enter marks:");

scanf("%d’&marb[j]);

fprintf(fp, "%d%s%d,roII number[i] ,flame [i] marks [i]);

}

fclose(fp);

getch();

}

6) Write a program that reads name, rank and country of N different players for a data file and prints all the information in descending order on the basis of rank.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<string.h>

#define MAX 500

struct player

{

int rank,

char name[15],

country[15]

}list[MAX];

void main()

{

FILE *fp;

int i,j,rtemp;

char ntemp[15],ctemp[l 5];

int n;

printf("How many records?:):

scanf("%d",&n);

printf("ADD RECORDS\n\n");

fp=fopen("data.txt","w");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

printf("enter the record of player[%d]n ",i+ 1);

fflush(stdin);

printf("Enter the Name:");

gets (list[i] .name);

printf("Enter the rank");

scanf("%d",&{jst[j] .rank);

fflush(stdjn);

printf("Enter the country:");

gets (list[i] .country);

}

for(i=0;i<n;ji-+)

{

for(j=i+ 1 ;j<n;j++)

{

if(list[i] .rank>list[j] .rank)

{

rtemp=list[i] .rank;

strcpy(ntemp,list[il .name);

strcpy(ctemp,Iist[i}.country);

list[i] .rank=list[j] .rank;

strcpy(1ist[i] .name,Iist[j].name);

strcpy(list[i] .country,list[j].country);

list[j] .rank=temp;

strcpy(list[j] .name,ntemp);

strcpy(list[j] .country,ctemp);

}

fwrite(&list,sizeof(ljst), 1 ,fp);

fclosc(fp);

clrscr();

fp=fopen("data.txt", "r");

prinrf("Rank\tName\tcountryressn ");

while(fread(&list,sjzeof(jjst)J ,fp) == 1)

{

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

printf("%d\t%s\t%s\n",list[i] .rank,list[i] .name,list[i] .country);

}

fclose(fp);

getch();

}

7) Write a program that ask the user to input Name, Age of N different film actors for a file and prints them in appropriate format. [Use fwrite() and fread() functions]

#include <stdio.h.> #include <conio.h>

struct actor

{

int age; char name [25];

}rec;

void main ()

{

FILE *fp; int i, N;

fp =fopen ("dec.dat’, "w+");

printf (‘Enter how many :");

scanf(’% d", &N);

for (i = 0; i <N; i++)

{

printf ("Enter name : \n");

gets (rec.name);

printf ("Enter age : \n");

scanf ("%d", &rec.age);

fwrite (&rec, size of(rec), 1, fp);

}

rewind (fp);

printf ("Name \t Age \n");

printf ("---------\n");

while (fread (&rec, sizeof (rec), 1, fp) = = 1)

{

printf ("%s \t %d \n", rec.name, rec.age);

}

fclose (fp);

getch();

}

List of graphics functions in C programming

Some of graphics functions are:

(a) getmaxx()— gets maximum number of column

(b) getmaxy () — gets maximum number of rows

(d) circle (c, y,’I) — draws a circle with coordinate of center as x & y and radius

(e) arc (x, y, stan, endan, hr, vr) : draws an arc with the center at x & y coordinate, starting angle (stan), ending angle (endan), horizontal radius (hr) & vertical radius (vr).

(f) ellipse (x, y, stan, endan, hr, vr)

where, x & y = screen coordinate stan = starting angle endan = ending angle

hr = horizontal radius

yr = vertical radius

(g) rectangle (left_x, top_y, right_x, bottom...y)

(h) setcolor (color name) — color name means name of color i.e. RED, GREEN etc. —

(i) Cleardevice 0 — clear graphics screen

(j) Closegraph ( ) — use to close all graphics driver using this function.

1. Write a program to display circle using function of graphics.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#includeczgraphics.h>

void main ()

{

Int gd = DETECT, gm;

initgraph (&gd, &gm," \\ tc \\ bgi");

setcolor(GREEN);

circle (300, 250, 40);

getch();

closegraph ();

}

2. Write a program to display rectangle using function of graphics.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<graphics.h>

void main()

{

Int gd = DETEcT, gm;

initgraph (&gd, &gm, " \\ tc \\ bgi’);

setcolor(GREEN);

reectangle(5O, 10,260,180);

getch ();

closegraph ();

}

3. Write a program to display ellipse using function of graphics.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<graphics.h>

void main ()

{

int gd = DETECT, gm;

initgraph (&gd, &gm, "\ tc \\ bgi");

setcolor(GREEN);

ellipse (100, 100, 0, 360, 30, 20);

getch();

closegraph ();

}

What do you mean by OOPs? Write a the advantages of and disadvantages of OOPs?

OOP is a method of implementation in which programs are organized as co-operative collections of objects, each of which represents an instance of some class and whose classes are all members of a hierarchy of classes united through the property.

Advantages of OOPs:

(a) Code reusability is much easier than conventional programming language.

(b) Making the use of in heritance, redundant code is eliminated and the existing class is extended.

(d) System can be easily upgraded from small to large systems.

(e) Software complexity can be easily managed.

(f) Aids trapping in an existing patterns of human thought into programming.

Disadvantages of OOPs:—

(a) Benefits only in long run while managing large software projects.

(b) Compiler and runtime overhead object oriented program required greater processing overhead demands over resources.

How object oriented programming is differ from procedure oriented programming?

Object oriented programming is differ from procedure oriented:—

(a) In oop, emphasis is given on data but in pop, emphasis is given on procedure.

(b) In oop, programs are divided into objects but not in pop.

(d) Oop follows bottom up approach but pop follows top down approach.

(e) Oop provide the code reuse facility but pop does not.

(f) In oop, object can communicate with each other through, function but not in pop.

(g) In oop, new data and functions can be easily added.

Class in OOP:

A class is a collection of objects of similar type which have same property and common behaviour. For example, roll, name, age are member of class student and Pigeon, Sparrow, Crow etc. are object of class bird. A class is a user defined data type which holds both data and functions. The internal data of class is called data member and functions are called member functions. The member functions mostly manipulate the internaldata of a class. syntax> class class_name

{

private:

variable declaration;

function declaration;

public:

variable declaration;

function declaration;

}

Object in OOP: Object is the combination of data and functions in a single unit. Object can interact without having to know details of each other’s data or code. It is sufficient to know the type of message accepted and the type of response returned by the objects.

Explain the term polymorphism and inheritance. [HSEB-20631

Polymorphism:

The word polymorphism is derived from the Latin words poly means many and ‘morphos’ means form thus ‘polymorphism’ means many forms.

Polymorphism is the process of defining a number of objects of different classes into a group and call the methods to carry out the operation of objects using different function calls.

Inheritance: [HSEB-2066]

Inheritance is the process of creating new class (i.e. derived class) from base class. Each such class or derived class share common characteristics of base class. The main advantages of inheritance are:—

(i) Code reusability

(ii) to increase the reliability of code, and

(iii) to add some enhancements to base class the following figure illustrate inheritance

Types of Inheritance

(a) Single inheritance: There is a derived class with only one base class.

(b) (ii) Multiple inheritance: The derived class has several base classes.

(d) (iv) Hierarchical inheritance: One class may be derived by more than one class.

What do you know about data abstraction and encapsulation? Explain.

Data abstraction:

Data abstraction can be defined as a list of abstract attributes such as size, weight and cost, and Method that operate on these attributes. They encapsulate all the essential properties of the objects that are to be created.

Encapsulation:

The wrapping up of data and methods into a single unit (called class) is known as encapsulation. The data is not accessible to the outside world and only those methods which are wrapped in the class, can access it. These methods provide the interface between object’s data and the program. This insulation of the data from direct access by program is called data hiding.

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Saturday, June 16, 2012

C - programming

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